Lafcadio Hearn is a writer unusually hard to classify, certainly in terms of the conventional, institutionalised categories of genealogy, geography or language. Hearn could be claimed as a major American, Japanese, Irish or Greek author, or all of these at once, as well as being a notable translator into English of French, Japanese and Chinese.
Long before globalisation became a word in common use and “world literature” was established as a field of academic study, Hearn was a genuine writer-without-borders, making him a singular figure from the past who is our contemporary, or perhaps the future. He ranged widely, and wherever he went in the world he transformed it into text. A true literary adventurer, Lafcadio Hearn lived, and travelled, by the word. It seems he could have lived anywhere and written about anything.
Born in 1850 in the Ionian Islands to a Greek mother and Irish father, Hearn grew up mostly in Ireland, France and England and lived his adult life in parts of the world which were much more remote from one other in physical terms and in shared understanding than is the case today. Among Anglophone writers, Hearn was even more widely travelled than the likes of Joseph Conrad, Robert Louis Stevenson and, for that matter, Mark Twain, who met Hearn in New Orleans in 1882 and with whom he toured.
In the English-speaking world, Hearn today perhaps is best known as a member of the generation of writers—another was George Washington Cable—that put New Orleans on the literary map. Hearn lived in the city for a decade before settling in Japan, where he was to spend the rest of his life, becoming a citizen and taking a Japanese name in 1895. Today, Yakumo Koizumi, as Hearn became known, is regarded as the nearest thing to a major Japanese writer that a non-native could have become.
Before his arrival in New Orleans in 1877 Hearn wrote extensively about places as various as Martinique, China and the United States. While working as a journalist in Cincinnati in the early 1870s, Hearn married a former slave, Aletha Foley, in defiance of the law at that time in Ohio forbidding so-called miscegenation, and lived illegally with her and her child from a previous relationship. The union, the revelation of which resulted in Hearn being fired from his job at the Cincinnati Daily Enquirer on the grounds of “deplorable moral habits”, ended in separation after three years.
Many years later, in 1891, while living in Japan, Hearn married a much younger woman, the daughter of a samurai family in Matsue. The couple had a son and a daughter. Hearn died in Tokyo in 1904 at the age of fifty-four.
There are permanent memorials to Hearn in four countries: Greece, Ireland, Japan and the United States. A museum at his birthplace in Lefkada opened in 2014, the same year that the Lafcadio Hearn Gardens opened in County Waterford. In Japan, a Lafcadio Hearn Memorial Museum maintained in his former residence in Kumamoto attracts around 150,000 visitors a year, according to the museum website.
There is also a house in New Orleans in Cleveland Avenue not far from the St Louis Cemetery, a nineteenth-century townhouse in a now isolated spot in what I was told by locals, when I expressed a wish to visit it, is a tricky part of town on the fringe of the CBD. The Lafcadio Hearn House, in which Hearn took a room (though it is not known for sure which he occupied), was added to the US National Register of Historic Places in 2006 after recognition of its significance by the City Council of New Orleans in 2004. (The Cleveland Avenue house was saved from destruction and restored by Pat Swilling, a property developer and former linebacker for the New Orleans Saints NFL team who became a Louisiana state legislator after retiring from professional football. Only in New Orleans.)