Italy Fell, Fascism Rose, Europe Reeled: Remembering the Great War
Sorrento, Italy — Even here, in this coastal haven of sun-drenched serenity, there are reminders. In the center of the Piazza della Vittoria, overlooking the Gulf of Naples, is a monument to the victims of “Mors Immortalis, 1915–1918.” It pays homage to Sorrento’s fallen, a tiny remnant of the more than 600,000 Italian soldiers who perished in the furnace of the First World War. Italy’s catastrophic decision to become a combatant in the war would echo feverishly through time: Though it emerged as one of the victors, an impoverished and embittered Italy gave birth to European fascism in a modern totalitarian state.
Italy’s foreign minister, Antonio di San Giuliano, wanted no part of the crisis that broke out in July 1914. He viewed Austrian demands on Serbia as needlessly provocative. Though Italy had an alliance with Germany and Austria, their behavior, he claimed, released his nation of its obligations. But San Giuliano died in October. By the beginning of 1915, after more than six months of slaughter and stalemate, the major Allied nations — Great Britain, France, and Russia — were desperate to lure neutral Italy into the imbroglio.