In the 19th century, Wilhelm Marr, known as “the father of modern anti-Semitism,” coined the word “anti-Semitismus.” But the pathological hatred of Jews has a long history. In the antiquity, the Pharaoh who ‘didn’t know Joseph” decreed to kill all the Jewish newborn males; and Haman, centuries later, convinced his Persian king Ahasverus to exterminate this “people whose religion and language are different.” Christian anti-Semitism, while benign in its beginnings when the early followers of the Jew Jesus were themselves a persecuted minority in the Roman world, became ferociously violent after the Council of Nicaea, in the year 325, adopted the dogma, then very controversial, of the divinity of Christ. With Emperor Constantine embracing Christianity, the whole Roman world, especially in Europe, followed suit, and the minorities of Jews dispersed among them were soon accused of being “the people deicide,” the killers of God, an anathema that have persisted for almost 17 centuries, until Vatican II, in our times, erased it.
Napoleon’s conquest of Europe brought with it the end of the ghettoes and the emancipation of the Jewish communities. The Jews could now attend universities, enter the liberal professions and commerce and excel in them, which added a new layer to the traditional religious anti-Semitism. The Jews now “dominate the trade, the media, the banks, etc.” They became more hated and despised and the vile objects of the infamous blood libels and the “Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” the Dreyfus Affair, and the pogroms, which paved the way for the eventual advent of Hitler and culminated in the Holocaust. And, in the greatest irony of history, they also led to the establishment of the State of Israel.