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The real red line
Recorded history is generally a straight-line narrative, often written with prejudice, and as the cliché has it, by the victors.
Only those involved in writing it, or more importantly, living through it, know the many cross-currents that because they do not present a clear picture of events defy immediate balanced analysis. These truths apply to any moment in history but particularly to those when violent events or revolutionary technology changes the pattern of life for everyone.
We are obviously in one of those periods on several scores by any calculation.
But while history may or may not repeat itself, there are permanent aspects of the relationships among nations. And we live with contemporary manifestations of the intricate nature of those liaisons.
Among those which is of ultimate importance is the integrity of the national state as a cornerstone of international law.
With the expansion of the concept of the European nation-state after the NapoleonicWars, its further consolidation in the 19th century, and Woodrow Wilsons blessing if failure of implementation — after World War I, conquest, international acceptance and treaty obligations have made national boundaries sacrosanct.
When they have been violated deliberately by a rogue power, it has led to even more bloodletting on the Old Continent where they had been enshrined to prevent just that very catastrophe, and now expanded however unfittingly to a vast new world in Latin America, Asia and Africa.